What do ganglion cells do?

evaluating this possibility would require longer repeated presentations of training stimuli than were performed here. The on bipolar cell (Figure 14.28, Left) will depolarize if you find light on its center cones and will therefore release glutamate when it is light on the biggest market of its receptive field.

For the spike latency comparison, a maximum time of 150 ms was assigned to cells that had not yet spiked. Following the MEA recordings were completed, images of the retina preparation on the multielectrode array were obtained with a Leica DM LFS epifluorescence microscope built with a 10× air-objective and manually aligned in Adobe Photoshop. Subsequently, the tissue was carefully installed on black nitrocellulose filter membrane with the ganglion cell layer up. The outline of the tissue while installed on the multielectrode array was aligned to the image of the successive immunostaining. SON α-RGCs were identified in microscopic image stacks of the retinal whole mounts based on soma size, SMI-32 staining intensity, and stratification degrees of the dendrites relative to the ChAT bands. The cells were then marked with the cell counter tool in Fiji in the heart of their cell bodies.
4) Clustering of remaining cells predicated on their drifting-grating response (Cluster 9–16). 3) Clustering of remaining chirp-responding cells predicated on their flash response (Cluster 6–8). Once from the optic chiasm, RGCs will extend dorsocaudally along the ventral diencephalic surface making the optic tract, which will guide them to the superior colliculus and lateral geniculate nucleus in the mammals, or the tectum in lower vertebrates.

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Where S may be the stimulus, R is the response, F is the RF, and a may be the scale factor, calculated using linear least squares regression . In this case, each pixel in each image was considered another sample, and was modeled as a linear mix of the image responses of most RGCs multiplied by the respective values of these RFs at that pixel. Therefore, the outputs were a vector with length add up to N, the number of images times the amount of pixels in each image.

• Because the signals from the central somatic spikes were stronger than those of the coupled cells in the hot spots, the time window was chosen with a sufficient distance to this peak.
• In addition, there are a number of other, less common types with more complex light responses.
• At dyads, the amacrine cell process can make a reciprocal synapse back onto the bipolar cell, a feed-forward synapse onto the ganglion cell dendrite, or both.
• In today’s experiments, due to the presence of the stimulation pipette, we could not avoid a distortion of the visual stimuli projected from above the retina.
• To pursue their unique goal, the study of Cowan and colleagues used only one kind of visual stimulus, the ‘chirp’.

These may include specialized synapses between rods and bipolar cells, and specialized sets of rod amacrine cells. In addition to information regarding color, ganglion cells also transmit to the brain a monochromatic, non color containing signal from rods. Rods detect visual stimuli at suprisingly low light levels, including visual threshold. Their true sensitivity is rarely tested in a typical urban environment, but imagine a moonless rural night without street lights. Such visual environments tend to be termed ‘scotopic’, in contrast to brighter ‘photopic’ environments where shape color and movement are readily seen. ON-OFF directionally selective ganglion cells are bistratified in the inner plexiform layer (Fig. 13) while ON-type directionally

S3 Fig The Circuit Model Predictions Hold With The Full Circuit Model

An example of the ‘spot mapping’ technique, taken from Kuffler shows the reduction in response vigor as stimulus spots are displaced from the guts (Fig. 5). Hartline concluded that ganglion cell receptive fields were fixed in space and immobile, typically did not extend beyond 1 mm in diameter, and were graded in sensitivity over this region. Receptive fields were much bigger than expected of individual photoreceptors, suggesting signal processing and integration through retinal circuitry. Overall, the outcomes presented here were consistent with predictions from a simple, independent pseudo-linear model for RGC light responses, despite known nonlinearities and correlations in the retinal circuitry. Specifically, replacing the recorded spike trains with simulated spike trains, generated by LN models suited to each RGC, resulted in similar reconstruction filters and reconstructed images . A low-fidelity situation was mimicked by reducing the spike integration time window to 10 ms, a manipulation that revealed an increased but still small aftereffect of noise correlations. Additionally it is possible these results would be affected by removing noise correlations from both the training and testing data, but

In addition, the visual representation conveyed by each cell type reflected its distinct encoding properties, and for On / off parasol cells, was largely independent of the contributions of other cell types. Overall, the results were consistent with a straightforward, linear-nonlinear model of RGC encoding, incorporating the spatial properties, contrast-response properties, and collective functional organization of the four major RGC types. [newline]Finally, a limited test of spatiotemporal reconstruction indicated that these results may generalize to natural vision. Within the inner plexiform layer, the axon terminals of bipolar cells (the 2° visual afferents) synapse on the dendritic processes of amacrine cells and ganglion cells.

Which Retinal Layer Contains Ganglion Cells?

The reconstruction filters were then used to reconstruct the test images, using either the shuffled or unshuffled responses. In principle, shuffling could result in a net increase or decrease in reconstruction accuracy, because of two opposing factors. As the reconstruction filters incorporate the correlated activity within training data , any deviation out of this correlation structure in the test data could reduce performance.